
f lass _. 
Book _ 



COPYRIGHT DEPOSIT 



§^: SeaSOf7vis^5,i:56V 



2iL4 35 















k Fort 




ario: 






^^.^A 



i^'lM 



THOMAS J. CONROV. 

65 iMiltoii Street, New \()rk. 




ESTAIUI^'HI- I) I^3u. 



Manufacturer, Importer, Wholesale and Retail Dealer in 

FINE FISHING TACKLE 



CAMPING GOODS. 



Florida Outfits a Specialty. 

[ My long experience in suppxlying tackle and camping outfits to 
parties visiting Florida enables me from simply knowing the points 
to be visited to select such articles as are best adapted to the 
location. _ 

My i30-i)DRe Illustrated Catalogue and Handbook for Sportsmen, containing 
Hints and Directions for Fishing and Camping, sent by mail, postpaid, on receipt 
of 25 cents. Customers may deduct amount paid for catalogue from first purchase 
if it amounts to $l.co or more. 




Va2. 



RUINS OF GATEWAY. 



Season of 1885-86. 



THE 



STANDARD GUIDE 



T O 



St. Augustine 



AND 



FORT MARION. 



PRACTICAL INFORMATION FOR TOURISTS, DESCRIPTIONS OF ALL POINTS OF 

INTEREST ; AND AN HISTORICAL SUMMARY, WITH MAPS AND PLANS. 

FORTY ILLUSTRATIONS FROM ORIGINAL DRAWINGS 

By ROGER DAVIS. 



Hebe mc nnb be nott lorotlie 

Sox 3 safle no tlj^nge but trot be.— 1570. 




EDITEn /AND PUBLISHED BY 

E. H. REYNOLDS, \ T>.::^Z^^r:r:>^ * 
Saint Augustine, -^ ^ z ^ */ u /■ 

Florida. * \ 

% 

[Copyrighted, 1885, by E. H. Reynolds ; all rights reserved. 1 



^^ 






TO THE READER. 




I\'ING practical information and 

jj such descriptions as. it is hoped, 

ma) enable one to intelligently 



;-;i:, see the town, The Siaxdakd 
Gfini-: is intended to add to the 
tourist's convenience and jjleasure here. It does not 
purport to he a histor)-. It is a guide book to the St. 
Augustine of the present. 

The illustrations, drawn by Mr. R()(;kr 1)a\is, are 
from his own sketches, made expressly for this work. 
Their artistic excellence needs no word here. It is a 
pleasure to add that they have also the merit of rare 
fidelit)- to tlu- subjects depicted. They show pictur- 
esque St. Augustine — but it is the St. Augustine of 
actual existence, not a creation of the artist's fanc\-. 

If this little book be not cast aside, its prose and 
pictures ma\- in the futurJ prove pleasant reminders of 
a visit to St. Augustine. 

Dhckmhkr 15, 1885. 




CONTENTS 



For Rkady Reference, 

The Town, 

The Barrier (iateway, 

Fort Marion, 

The Plaza, 

The Cathedral, 

The Seawall, - 

St. Francis Barracks, 

Military Cemetery, - 

The Harbor, 

St. Anastasia Island, 

COQUINA, 

Matanzas, 

Floral Calendar, 
Historical, 



9 

12 

26 
30 
51 

57 
60 

64 

65 
68 
72 
78 

78 
81 

85 




OLD HOUSE ON MARINK STREET. 



<-^^' 










From DriX'a'iii^s bx Rcwcr Davis. 



Ruins of Gateway, from Without (Frontispiece). 
Old House on Marine Street, 
St. George Street, Looking North, - 
St. George Street, Looking Toward Gateway, 
Date Palm, St. Francis Street, 
Treasury Street, Looking East, 
Treasury Street, Looking West, 
Ruins of the King's Forgk, 
Old House, Charlotte Street, 
Charlotte Street, ----- 
Villa Zorayda, King Street, - 
Ruins of Gateway, from Within, 
Ruins of Gateway, from the Northwest, - 
Fort .\La.rion, from the Water Battery, 
" Escutcheon, 

A Casemate Door. 
Inclined Plane. 
Niche in Chapel, - 
Sally-Port and Watch- Tower. 
Southwest Bastion. 
" from Southwest, 
" Southeast Tower. - 



rA(;K 

- 6 
13 

- 15 

- 18 
19 

- 20 

21 

- 23 
25 

- 27 
29 

- 31 

33 

- 35 
37 

- 3^ 
39 
41 

43 

- 44 



Illu.stratiojis. 



Fort Makidn, Northeast Tower, 

Moat and Water Mattery, 
From the North, 
" " Cannon, Northwest Glacis, 

I'l-AZA, Looking Northwest, 

Old Market, ----- 

St. George Street and Plaza, 

Cathedral. - - . . 

Plaza IJasin, . . . . 

Marine Street and Seawall, 

St. Francis Barracks, - 

Tombs, Military Cemetery, 

Shore of St. Anastasia Island. 

St. .Augustine Light, 

Old Lighthouse, 

Ruins of Old Lighthouse. - 

Ruins of Fort at Matanzas, - 

Date Palm, - - . - . 

Blossom of the Banana, 

End Piece, . - - . . 



Page 
45 

- 47 
4y 

- 5t' 
52 

- 55 
5f' 

- 59 
61 

- 62 
65 

- 67 



76 



80 
82 

S3 
88 



Other Illustrations. 

Plan of City and N'icinity, 

Outline of Fort Marion, - - - - 

Plan of Fort Marion, from "Old .St. Augustine, 

Portrait of Osceola, - . - - 

Portrait of Coacoochee, 

Plan of Plaza, - . - - - 

KivER OF Dolphins, from "Old .St. Augustine," 



II 

32 
34 
40 
42 

54 



FOR READY REFERENCE. 



APPROACH. From Jacksonville, via Jacksonville, St. Augustine & Halifax River Ry., 36 
miles, 2 hours, fare $1.75, excursion $3. From Tocoi (connections with river steamers;, via St. 
Johns Ry , 15 miles, 40 minutes, fare 90 cents, excursion $1.50. Conveyance from depots to any 
part of town, 25 cents; baggage, 25 cents per piece. Steamboat direct from Jacksonville and New 
Smyrna. Schedule at this date undetermined. 

HOTELS. On the American plan. Rates per day are subjoined, for rates per week and 
longer periods address proprietors. 

Florida House (Geo L Atkins & Sons), St. George and Treasury streets, 200 guests, $4 per 
day. 

Hotel San Marco (O. D. Seavey), Shell Road, near City Gateway, 500 guests, $4.50 per day. 

Magnolia Hotel (W. W. Palmer), St. George street, 250 guests, $4 per day. 

St. Augustine Hotel (E. E. Vail), Charlotte street and Plaza, 250 guests, $4 per day. 

BOARDING HOUSES. Rates, $1.50 to $3 per day, $8 to $21 per week; number of guests 
given in parentheses: Edwards House, J. T. Edwards, Charlotte street (75). Ocean View, W. S. 
M. Pinkham, Bay street (65). Sunnyside, King and Tolomato streets. G. S. Greeno's, Marine 
street (50). Seaside House, H. Taylor & Co., Bridge street (30). Mrs. M. Frazer's, St. Francis 
street (25). Baya House, Mrs. E. C. Jouret, Marine and Baya streets {25). Mrs. J. D. Hernan- 
dez's, Charlotte street (25). Mrs. Craddock's, Bridge street (20). American House, S. Woodall, 
Orange street (20). H. H. Neligan's, St. George street (15). Cleveland House, A. M Blake, 
St. George street (75). Rolleston House, J. T. Scott, St. George street (60). Bay Cottage, J. J. 
Hamon, Marine street (25). Some of the houses, as the Palm Villa, St. George street and Plaza, 
and Mrs. Hazeltine's are understood to be filled with permanent guests. Furnished apartments- 
without board: The Villula, J. Brainard, King street (40). Mrs. H. Darling's, Charlotte street 
(20). Philadelphia House, Mrs. H. J. Pennington, Talomato street. Gordon Block, Mrs. S. V. 
Simmons (10). Hamblen Block, C. F. Hamblen (20). 

RAILWAYS. Jacksonville, St. Augustine & Halifax River Railway (depot on Orange street, 
north end of lown, rear Hotel San Marco), direct to Jacksonville. St. Johns Railway (depot 
beyond St. Sebastian River, west of town), to Tocoi, on the St. John's River. Through tickets- 
sold from St. Augustine to all points North and West. General ticket offices: Ballard's, on St. 
George street near Plaza; and Hotel San Marco. 

TIME. Standard (railroad) time is 34 minutes slower than local (cathedral) time. Standard 
time at Ballard's, on St. George street. Persons leaving town should insist on being taken to depot 
only in proper season for train, otherwise they may be rushed out there an hour ahead of time and 
left to amuse themselves while the thrifty driver goes back for more passengers and fares. 

MAILS. Post office on St. George street, facing Plaza. Hours: Lock boxes, 6:30 A. M. to 
8 P. M.; general delivery, 9 A. M. to 7 P. M. Money orders and registered letters, 9 A. M. to 
3 P. M. Wm. W. Dewhurst, postmaster. Mail for guests delivered by hotel carriers. Mail time 
between St. Augustine and New York, 36 hours; Boston, 36 hours; Chicago, 75 hours. For arrival 
and departure of mails see schedule posted in office. 

TELEGRAPH. Three offices: Hospital street, near Plaza, Hotel San Marco, St. Augustine 
Hotel. Hours, 8 A. M. to 10 P. M. Rates for 10 words, Jacksonville 25 cents; Philadelphia, New 
York, Boston, Chicago and St. Louis, $1; New Orleans, 75 cents. 

EXPRESS. Southern Express Co., office Hospital street, south of Plaza, \V. Crichlow, agent. 

BANK. The Bank of St. Augustine, Geo. W. Gibbs, cashier; St. George street, near Plaza;, 
10 A. M. to 2 P. M. 



lo The St a n da J' d Guide. 



CHURCHES. Episcopalian— Trinity Church, facing Plaza on the south. Services: Sab- 
bath, II .\. M , 7:30 P. M. Sabbath school, 3:30 P. M. For other .services see bulletin on front of 
church. Rev. Ed. L. Drown. Rectory adjoining church. 

Methodist — King street, one block west of Plaza. Services: Sabbath, 11 A. M. 7:30, P. M. 
Sabbath school. 9:45 A. M. Friday evening, 7:30. Rev. C. C. McClean; residence, I'ronson St. 

Presbyterian— St. George street, near Bridge street. Services: Sabbath, 11 A. M.; 7:30 P. M. 
in chapel, Tolomato street near King street. Sabbath school, 3:30 P. M. in chapel Wednesday 
evening (chapel 1 7:30. Rev. S. T. Wilson, D.D.; residence, St. George street, just north of Mag- 
nolia Hotel. 

Roman Catholic -Cathedral, facing Plaza on the north. Services: Sabbath, 6:30 and 10 
A., M., 3 and 4 I' .\I. Rev. P. J. Lynch; residence adjoining cathedral. 

PHYSICIANS. Drs. E. M. Alba (Plaza), L. .Alexander (St. George street), A. Anderson, 
J. R. Gibson (U. S. A. Post), W. Miller (St. George street), J. K. Rainey (St. George street), W. 
F. Shine (Bridge street), F. F. Smith (post-office building), D. W. Webb (St. George street). 

STORES. There are many shops devoted to the sale of curiosities, fancy work, natural pro- 
ductions, souvenirs, photographic views, etc. The town is well supplied with drygoods, hardware, 
grocerj-, jewelry, book and drug stores. 

LIVERIES. Saddle horses and vehicles, with or without driver, are for hire. 

PUBLIC LIBRARY. St. George street, in post-office building Hours, 10 A M to i P.M. 
(dally except Sunday and Thursday), and 3 to 5 P. M. Non-residents borrow books free of charge, 
leavin ; a deposit of $2, repaid upon return of book. Miss C. L Sherman, librarian; 2,000 books. 

SCHOOLS. Public school (Hospital street), W. E. Knibloe, principal. St. Augustine 
School (.Shell Road), E. S Drown, principal. St Augustine Academy for Young Ladies, Miss L. 
S Munday, principal. Convent of the Sisters of St. Joseph (St George street). 

STEAM AND SAIL BOATS. Small steam craft ply between wharves and beaches (trip 
25 cents), Matimzas Inlet (trip $1) and other points; and may be chartered for excursions. Sail- 
boats with skipper, 50 cents to $1 per hour, $2 to $5 per day. Rowboatsare for hire by hour or day. 

MUSEUMS. Dr. J Vedder's (Bay street, near St. .Augustine Hotel) has living specimens ol 
Florida natural history. Geo H. Chapin's Casino (near Fort Marion) contains a varied collection 
of curiosities. 

NEWSPAPERS. "St Augustine Press," J. D. Whitney. "St. John's Weekly," G. W 
Dickerson. Jacksonville, Savannah, New York and other papers supplied at the news stores. 

YACHT CLUB. St. Augustine Yacht Club; Com., E. A. Douglass, of New York; Sect., 
K. V . .Vrmstrong. Club house. Seawall and Central Wharf. 

SOCIETIES. Masonic, C. E. Gard, Sect A. O. U. W.. A. W. Corbitt, Sect. Good Tem- 
plars, K. H. Ciretorex, Sect. Institute of Natural Science meets at Presbyterian parsonage on 
first and third Tuesdays of month. 

BARRACKS. Guard mount on parade in front of barracks; at 9 \. M. dress parade Mon- 
day, Wednesday and Friday; on other days, same hour, guard mount; also guard mount daily at 
sunset. Military band gives concert on parade ground daily (except Sundays) 3:30 to 4:30 P. M., 
and on the Plaza at 7:30 P. M. 

POINTS. St. Augustine, in form of government, is a city; Mayor, John Long, office on 
Hospital street, south of Plaza Population (permanent residents) 3,000. Latitude 29° 50' 48' N., 
Iongitude8i° 11' 20' W. Mean temperature for 1S84 as follows: Jan. 52.35, Feb 61.56, March 65.91, 
April 64.96, May 73 73, June 73.51, July 81 09, .Aug 78.96, Sept 78 tS, Oct. 73.90, Nov. 63.63, 
Dec. 60.36 Average for year, 6.j Situation of the town healthful, being almost surrounded by 
salt water and salt mat shes. 'l"he dug wells are shallow, water supply chiefly from cisterns and 
artesian wells 200 to 300 feet deep. Bathing establishments furnish sulphur water (artesian well) 
and salt water baths. 




THE TO\V\. 

JRTIFICATION and defense were the 
first thought of the Spanish soldiers 
who founded St. Augustine; and they 
were careful to choose a site which 
should be a stronghold. The situa- 
tion of the town was admirably fitted 
for such a purpose. St. Augustine is 
built on a narrow strip of land running 
north and south. In front, on the east, is the Matanzas River or 
bay; in the rear (west) the St. Sei)astian River, which flows south, 
then east into the Matanzas. Across the bay, opposite the town, is 
Anastasia Island; rnd beyond that, two miles distant, the ocean. 

The principal s reets run north and south; the cross streets at 
right angles, east and west. A seawall extends north and south 
along the water front. At the northern limit of the town are the 
ruins of the old Barrier Gate, and Fort Marion. At the southern 
end are the United States barracks. In the centre is an open square 
or park, called the Plaza. 

Historical St. Augu tine is bounded by the limits given. The dis- 
trict beyond the city gateway has been built within twenty years, 
and the quarter below the Barracks within a much more recent 
period. West of the town, across the St. Sebastian River, is New 
Augustine. 







^gfeSjIrijgiyi^'l ' tii^^ 



14 TJic Standa7'd Guide. 

The town is small. The length from fort to barracks is three-quar- 
ters of a mile; width from seawall to St. Sebastian River half a mile. 
The visitor who is provided with the Standard Guide will need no 
other aid in finding all points of interest. The statements of drivers 
and others concerning "the old slave market," "the Huguenot 
cemetery," "the oldest Spanish house," etc., should be received 
with a caution amounting to incredulity. The slave market and the 
Huguenot cemetery do not exist; time spent in searching for them 
is wasted, sentiment lavished on them is thrown away. They are 
silly fictions, invented to sell guide books, and to coax "tips " from 
tourists. The cemetery near the city gate is not a Huguenot cem- 
etery. The Huguenots were not buried there. There were no 
Huguenots in St. Augustine. It is not certainly known which is the 
oldest Spanish house. 

There is very much in St. Augustine which is of genuine interest, 

whether one's stay here be short or long. The princij^al i)oints to 

be seen are : 

Thk Ruins of the Gate. 

Fort M.arion. 

Plaz.\ and Surroundings. 

These may most conveniently be visited in the order given. The 
Fort is the most important, and as much time should be reserved for 
that as for all the others combined. Then there are the seawall, the 
barracks and the military cemetery, the narrow streets — such as 
have not lost their picturesqueness — and numerous excursions by 
land and water to various points named elsewhere. 

The principal street is St. George, extending north and south 
through the centre of the town. On this ttreet are the Presbyterian 
Church, Fo.st Office, Florida House, Magnolia Hotel and City Gate- 
way. The Shell Road which passes the Hotel San Marco is a con- 
tinuation of St. George street. West of St. George, and parallel with 
it, is Tolomato. East, and parallel, is Charlotte. Marine street is 
on the water front, north of the Plaza; Bay street on the waterfront 
south of the Plaza. 




: , 



ST. GEORGK STREET. 



1 6 The Standai'd Guide. 

St. Francis street, at the southern end of the town, is famous for 
the overhangin.tr date pahn tree which has so often been pictured. 
Another well-known street is the narrow lane called Treasurj^ street, 
across which, with back to opposite wall, two persons may readily 
grasp hands. 

Some of these street names are suggestive of incidents in the 
town's romantic history. St. Francis commemorates the labors and 
self sacrifice of the Franciscan mission fathers, whose monastic institu- 
tion was on the site where the barracks now stand. Tolomato per- 
petuates the name of the Indian village where, in 1597, certain of 
these Franciscans were heartlessly m.assacred by their rebellious 
fiocks. Cuna and St. Hypolita were given in the Spanish supremacy. 
St. George street was so called in honor of England's patron saint, 
and Charlotte was the name of the queen of King George IV. 
" Old St. Augustine " states that the name Treasury is from the 
Spanish term, which signified " the street where the treasurer lives." 
The treasure ( /. r., funds for the soldiers' pay, etc. was kept closely 
guarded in the fort. It is told of the Spanish treasurer that he 
began to build a house without first counting the cost. This was on 
the corner of what are now St. Cieorge and Treasury streets. The 
■elaborately entablatured walls of this great mansion were only par- 
tially finished when Florida was ceded to the United States, and the 
treasurer, with all the other of the King's s.rvants, abandoned St. 
Augustine. The ruins of these walls were still standing until sup- 
planted by the picket fence of the Florida House yard. 

The narrow little streets, with their foreign names and foreign 
throngs, their overhanging balconies and high garden walls, through 
whose open door one caught a glimpse of orange and fig and wav- 
ing banana, v. ere among the quaint characteristics which made this 
•old Florida town charming and peculiar among all American cities 
But the picturesque streets, of which tourists have so often written, 
have almost ceased to be a pleasing feature of St. Augustine. Some 
are widened. Others, changed past all recognition and shorn of 
their quaintness, are inconvenient and quite inadequate to meet the 



-'i^Y 





TREASURY STREET — LOOKING EAST. 



II 




IX 



^J 



'IkKASUK^' STRKK.T— LOOKING WEST, 



20 



The Standard Guide. 



.iiill 



w 






^'•: 






/i 





l^r" — 







* Blacksmith 3'hop_i»; 



RUINS OF I'HE KING'S FORGE. 

demands of the time. One can hardly blame the ill-starred pedestrian 
crowded to the wall by reckless jehus, and mud-bespattered by the 
flying wheels — if he sigh for the good old times when, tradition has 
it, no vehicle was allowed o i the concrete-paved streets of Spanish 
St. Augustine. 




OLD HOUSE ON CHARLOTTE STREET. 



22 The Staiidai'd Guide. 

Few of the dwellings are remarkable for antiquity or peculiarity 
of construction; their picturesque side is usually the exterior, and 
may be seen from the street. On Hospital street, just south of the 
Plaza, stands an old house whose arched corridor has been frequently 
illustrated; but instead of visiting this relic of old times, one will 
do well to content himself with the photographs which are for sale 
at the shops, for the pretty scene they picture no longer exists. The 
corridor has done duty as a storage for hardware, and its beauty has 
long since departed. 

The style of architecture is undergoing a change; one by one the 
overhanging balconies are disappearing from the streets. High 
walls are replaced by picket fences and wire netting. Moss-roofed 
houses have given way to smart shops. Lattice gates are displaced 
by show windows, and displays of bargains in ready-made clothing. 
For an e.vample of this innovation, compare the smart business 
row on St. George street near the Plaza with the same street (see 
illustration page 56 as it was fifteen years ago. And how long will it 
be before the other old houses and walls shown in these pages will 
have shared the same fate ? 

In former times, most of the houses were of coquina a loose 
shell-stone, quarried on the island opposite }, but this material is now 
almost entirely superseded by wood. Roomy and modern wooden 
houses may not be so picturesque as the weather-stained coquina 
dwellings they have supplanted, but they are immeasurably more 
comfortable to live in. 

The people met in the streets are not the picturesque beings one 
may find described in the books of travel written fifty years ago. 
Many strangers e.xpect to find a Spanish population. They have a 
notion — zealously fostered by the stereotyped *' Ancient City " letter 
in Northern newspapers — that inasmuch as St. Augustine was founded 
by the Spaniards there must be Spaniards here now. As a matter of 
fact, the swarthy Spaniard stalks through the streets no longer, save 
in the mushy imagination of feminine correspondents, who send 
gushing screeds to distant newspapers. The Spanish residents 



^ air 




24 The Standard Guide. 

emigrated when Florida was ceded to the United States seventj^-four 
years ago. The Minorcans (a colony from Minorca in the Mediter- 
ranean Sea) remained here after the change of flags; but even they 
are now an inconspicuous part of the winter throngs that fill the 
streets. 

So in one way and another the town has taken on new appearance 
and character. From a queerly built old city, whose foreign air 
piqued the curiosity of the chance visitor, and hinted of the strange 
vicissitudes of its three centuries, St. Augustine has become a 
fashionable winter resort, whose great hotels dominate the aspect of 
town and country round about; and whose visitors in "the rush" 
outnumber the permanent residents. The Newport of the South 
they call it now. 

And yet, with all its innovations and transformations the town 
has not lost its attractions. It still maintains a distinctive character 
all its own; and there is still about the old city an indefinable charm 
which leads one's thoughts back to it again, and gladdens the face 
that is once more turned toward Florida and St. Augustine. 

On King street, near Bronson, is the Villa Zorayda, the winter 
residence of Franklin W. Smith, Esq., of Boston. This is notable 
for its architectural design and the elaborate manner in which its 
owner-architect has successfully developed his plan of an oriental 
building as appropriate to the latitude of Florida — the conception 
having been borrowed from the universal practice of Eastern coun- 
tries, demonstrating the experience of centuries. The architecture 
throughout is strictly Moorish, after sketches and photographs in 
Spain, Tangiers and Algiers. Like the Alhambra itself, the Zorayda 
is of massive concrete. The walls have the e.xternal appearance of 
granite, with all of its durability. Above the front entrance is the 
inscription in Arabic letters: W'a la i:;halib illa-Ilah — There is no 
conqueror but Ciod. This is the motto everywhere reproduced on 
the escutcheons and in the tracery of the Alhambra. The tradition 
is that a Moorish king, returning from an exploit, was greeted at the 
gate by the shouts of the populace and hailed as the conqueror, but 



The Standard Gtiide. 



25 



raising his hand he exclaimed, '' There is no conqueror but God." 
Within the walls of the Zorayda is a central court, paved with tiles 
made for it in Spain, and surrounded by a double gallery supported 
on thirty-six horseshoe arches. The walls of the vestibule, court and 
drawing-room are covered with the moresque tracery of the Alham- 
bra, the models having been imported for the purpose. In this 
detail of construction and ornamentation the Zorayda is the first 
illustration in the United States. The interior finish, furniture and 
ornaments richly illustrate the beauties of Moorish colors and forms, 
and the pleasing effect is heightened by the tropical foliage and 
fruits ir. the protected court. 










Vir.LA ZORAYDA. 



THE BARRIER GATEWAY. 




■*"St;;r, 



.-// the head of St. George Street, on Orani^e Street, mid- 
7oay between the Fort and the I^ail'icay Depot. 



AN DM ARKS are rapidly disappearing from St. 
Augustine, but the pillars of the city gateway 
still remain as notable monuments of the past. 
The first view of them is likely to be a disap- 
pointment. The gateway has been outgrown 
and dwarfed. It no longer possesses even the advantage of a 
commanding position on the town's outskirts. Dwellings crowd 
close upon it, overtopping the towers; a huge hotel looms up beyond. 
Irreverence might even dub the gate ridiculous. 

But it was not always so. Inconsequential as are these towers 
to-day, there was a time when they stood out bravely enough, and 
when in their security St. Augustine rejoiced. In those days they 
looked out upon an illimitable wilderness. The belated traveler 
hurried on to their shelter. The town slept securely when the 
Barrier Gate was fast shut against the midnight enemy. Stoutly 
these walls gave their strength when it was needed, and defended 
for the King of Spain his garrison town in Florida. They have wit- 
nessed many a narrow escape and many a gallant rescue. More 




RUINS OF GATEWAY — FROM WITHIN. 



28 The Standard Guide. 

than once have they trembled with the shock of assault, and more 
than once driven back the foe repulsed. To-day, dismantled and 
useless, out of accord with the customs of the day and the spirit of 
the age, and long since left behind by the outstretching town, the 
picturesque old ruins linger as cherished landmarks. Here we are 
on historic ground. 

The gateway is the only conspicuous relic of the elaborate system 
of fortifications which once defended the town. The advantages of 
St. Augustine's position for such defense already has been alluded 
to. The town is l)uilt on a narrow peninsula running south; and an 
enemy coukl approach by land only from the north. Across this 
northern boundary, east to west, from water to water, ran lines of 
fortification, which effectually barred approach. From the Fort 
a deep ditch ran across to the St. Sebastian. This was defended 
by a high parapet, redoubts and batteries. The ditch was flooded 
at high tide. Entrance to the town was by a drawbridge across this 
moat and through the gate. The Fort defended the harbor. Earth- 
works extended along the St. Sebastian River back west of the 
town, and around to the Matanzas again on the south. The gate 
was closed at night, (luards were stationed in the sentry bo.xes. A 
guard house, with a detachm.ent of troops, was just within the gate. 
The line of the ditch and parapet may still be traced along Orange 
street; and the remains of some of the old earthworks are to be seen 
along the St. Sebastian. 

The towers are very old. They had fallen into partial ruin so 
early as the beginning of the present century. In 1810, at the Gov- 
ernor's command, all the town's male inhabitants between 12 and 60 
years of age were compelled to labor at the restoration of the gate 
and the other fortifications. Men are still living here who remember 
this enforced service. .\t a later date the west tower was partially 
demolished and then clumsily rebuilt. The stone causeway leading 
out from the gate is modern. The sentry boxes have recently been 
repaired and are now furnished with iron gratings to protect them 
from the vandals who know no better than to chip off pieces of stone 



The Standard Guide. 



29 



as relics. The material is coquina. The pillars are 20 feet in height, 
to the mouldings; and 10 feet deep; the flanking walls are 30 feet 
in length; the roadway between the pillars, 12 feet. The walls were 
formerly provided with banquettes, or raised platforms on the in- 
terior, upon which the guard stepped to discharge his fire over the 
wall, with a single step regaining shelter. 




RUINS OF GAl EWAY — FROM THE NORTHWEST. 



FORT MARION, 









ORT MARION is at the north end 
of the city and commands the har- 
bor. It is not occupied by troops. 
Open daily (admission free) from 
8 A. M. to 4 P. M. For a visit the 
afternoon is the most pleasant time. 
Sergeant George M. Brown, who is in 
charge, will conduct visitors through the 
casemates. For this service, which is 
voluntary, a fee (not demanded) is usually given. 

The fort, which is the only example of mediaeval fortification on 
this continent, is a magnificent specimen of the art of military 
engineering as developed at the time of its construction. It is a 
massive structure of coquina stone, with curtains, bastions, moat 
and outworks, covering an acre. The following description of the 
fort is based on that given in "Old St. Augusfine," from which 
volume the plan (page 34) is borrowed. 

• Surrounding the fort on the three land sides is an immense 
artificial hill of earth, called the glacis. From the crest of the 
glacis on the southeast, a bridge ;i), formerly a drawbridge, leads 
across part of the moat to the barbacan. The barbacan is a fortifi- 
cation, surrounded by the moat, directly in front of the fort 



32 The Standard Guide. 

entrance, which it was designed to protect. In the barbacan at the 
stairway 2 are the Arms of Spain. A second bridge (3 , originally 
a drawbridge, leads from the barbacan across the wide moat to the 
sally-port (4), which is the sole entrance to the fort. This was pro- 
vided with a heavy door called the portcullis. On the outer wall, 
above the sally-port is the escutcheon, bearing the Arms of Spain; 
and the Spanish legend, which reads: 

REYNANDO EN ESPANA EL SENr 
DON FERNANDO SEXTO Y SIENDO 
GOVoR Y CAPn DE ESa Cd San AUGn DE 
LA FLORIDA E SUS PROVa EL MARESCAL 
DE CAMPO DN-ALONZO FERNdo HEREDA , 
ASI CONCLUIO ESTE CASTILLO EL AN 
OD 1756 DIRl^ENDO LAS OBRAS EL 
CAP INGNro dN PEDRO DE BROZAS 
Y GARAY 
Translation: " Don Ferdinand VI., being King of Spain, and the 
Field Marshal Don Alonzo Fernando Hereda being Governor and 
Captain-General of this place, San Augustin of Florida, and its 
province, this fort was finished in the year 1756. The works were 
directed by the Captain-Engineer, Don Pedro de Brozas of Garay." 

The inscription has been almost obliterated by the elements. Its 
present condition is shown in the illustration opposite. 

Within the fort, on the right of the entrance hall 5 is the old 
bake room (6), and beyond this are two dark chambers (7 and 8 , 
r 




wwmry^^'P^' 



OL'TLINE OF FORT MARION. 
A, covered way. B, Lastion. C, curtain. G, glacis. M, moat. T, watch-tower. W, water battery. 




FOR 1 MARION — ESCUTCHEON 



34 



The Standard Chiidc. 



which were probably used for storage. On the left is the guards' 
room 7 left . The ha!l opens upon a large square court 103 by 
109 feet . Around this court are casemates 10 , or rooms which 
were used for barracks, messrooms, storage, etc. Some of these 
casemates were divided into lower and upper apartments. To each 
west casemate a beam of light is admitted through a narrow win- 
dow or embrasure, high up near the arched ceiling. From the first 
east casemate a door leads back into an in'.erior dark room (9). 
From the furthest casemate 11 on the same side an entrance leads 




PLAN OF FORT MARION. 

I, bridge from barbacan to glacis. 2, stairway of barbacan. 3, bridge over moat. 4, sally-port. 
5, hall. 6, bake room. 7, 8, dark rooms. 7 (left), guards' room. 6 deft), officers' room. 9, in- 
terior dark room. 10, 10, casemates. 11, casemate. 12, interior dark room. 14, bomb proof. 15, 
chapel. 16, dark room. 10a, treasurer's room, icx", casemate from which Coacoochee escaped 
B, bastion. W, watch-tower. 



vf^.>!^fsiiss^yeS^:^Vii!S::»iTrll?g:<-3ffS^P?t 







J 



FORT MARION — A CASEMATE DOOR. 



36 TJic Standard Guide. 

back into a dark chamber 12 , off from which a narrow passage 
leads through a wall 5 feet deep into a space 5 feet wide; and 
from this a low aperture 2 feet square gives access through another 
wall 5 feet deep, into an innermost tomb-like chamber 14 which 
is 19^2 feet long, 13^3 feet broad, and 8 feet high. The arched 
roof is of solid masonry. This dungeon-like room has no other 
outlet than the single low aperture. It was probably designed for 
a powder magazine or a bomb-proof. When the fort was in perfect 
repair the chamber may have been dry and fit for use as a safe 
deposit for explosives, but afterward, when the water from above 
percolated through the coquina, this bomb-proof or powder maga- 
zine must have become damp and unwholesome. For this reason it 
was no longer used except as a place to throw rubbish into. Then 
it bred fevers; and finally, as a sanitary measure, the Spaniards 
walled it up. The entrance from the outer or middle room 112) 
was closed with masonry. It was so shut when the United States 
came into possession of the fort; and the existence of these inner 
chambers was not suspected until in 1839, while the engineers were 
ma:king some repairs, the closed entrance was noticed; and inves- 
tigation led to the discovery of the interior passageways. Refuse 
and rubbish were found there. The report was given out — whether 
at the time or later — that in this rubbish were some bones. From 
this insignificant beginning the myth-makers evolved first the tale 
that the bones were human; then they made them a complete 
skeleton; then two skeletons; then they added a rusty chain and a 
staple in the wall — a gold ring on one skeleton's finger — instru- 
ments of torture — two iron cages — and when Charles Lanman 
visited the fort in 1850, they had supplied one of the skeletons 
with a pair of boots — and showed the boots to prove the gold ring, 
staples, iron cages, and ali the other stock accessories to the 
Spanish Inquisition tale of horror. It was a harmless fiction after 
all, and that it was not true, more's the pity. However commonplace 
and practic-d may have been the use of these underground passages 
in old times, they arc uncanny and mystersioui; enough now, and 



;8 



The Standard Guide. 







when one follows the guide's torch from the dark rooms into the 
last gloomy pent recess, some such tale of luckless victim entombed 
alive harmonizes with the flickering torch and dimly seen smoke- 
begrimed encompassing walls. 

Facing the court on tlie nortli was the chapel i 15 . Its walls 

and ceiling and altar 
and niches are bright 
with mould and moss 
and lichen; strange mu- 
tations have come to 
town and fort since the 
room was dismantled of 
its ornaments. The 
chapel was used for 
religious services as 
late as the civil war. 
In 1 87 5 it was con- 
ve/ted into a school- 
room for the Western 
Indians who were con- 
fined here. Ihe elab- 
orate portico of the 
chapel was the most 
pretentious bit of archi- 
tecture in the fort ; 
but has so crumbled 
away that its form can 
no longer be traced. In 
the wall outside, above 
the chapel door, the 
French astronomers, 
who came here in 1879 
to observe the transit of \'enus, have left a marble tablet in com- 
memoration of the visit. The inscrijition reads: "Plaque commem- 








NICHE IN CHAPEL. 




jiCuKout from woH/i To^f 



FORT MARION -SALLY-PORT AND WATCH TOWER. 



40 



The Standard Guide. 



orative du passage de Venus observe au Fort Marion le 9 D^cembre, 
1882, par MM. le Colonel Perrier, le Commandant Bassat, le Capi- 
taine Deffoges, de I'Armee Fran^aise." 

In the northwest bastion is another dark room 16 . Some of the 

dark dungeons of the fort 
have been used at differ- 
ent times for the confine- 
ment of prisoners. Patri- 
ots from Charleston were 
confined here by the Brit- 
ish in the Revolution; 
the Spaniards kept the 
famous outlaw McGirth 
in one of these cells five 
years; and there are old 
people in St. Augustine 
to - day who will tell of 
pallid convicts led from 
the fort dungeons to exe- 
cution. At the close of 
the last war refractory soldiers were punished by solitary confine- 
ment in these cells. Casemate \oc is known as " Coacoochee's 
cell;" and is famous as the one from which that chief escaped. 
Coacoochee and Osceola, two of the most influential chiefs of the 
Seminoles, in the war which began in 1836, were finally captured, 
with a number of their followers, and imprisoned in the casemates 
at Fort Marion, whence they were to be taken to Fort Moultrie 
in Charleston harbor. Coacoochee resolved upon escape. His 
subsequent account of the affair was as follows: 

" We liad been growing sickly from day to day, and so resolved to inake our 
escape, or die in tlie attempt. We were in a room, eighteen or twenty feet square. 
All the light admitted was through a hole (embrasure), about eigliteen feet from 
the floor. Through this we must effect our escape, or remain and die with sick- 
ness. A sentinel was constantly posted at the door. As we looked at it from 
our beds, we thought it small, but believed that, could we get our heads through. 




OSCEOLA. 




FORT MARION. 
Southwest Bastion Northwest Bastion— Bridge to Barbacan— Ancient Chimney. 



42 



The Standard Guide. 






we should have no further nor serious difficulty. To reach tlie hole was the first 
object. In order to effect this, we from time to time cut up the forage-bags 
allowed us to sleep on, and made them into ropes. The hole I conld not reach 
when upon the shoulder of my companion ; but while standing upon his shoulder, 
I worked a knife into a crevice of tlie stonework, ai far up as I could reach, and 

upon this I raised myself to the aperture, 
when I found that, with some reduction of 
person, I could get through. In order to re- 
duce ourselves as much as possible, we took 
medicine five days. Under the pretext of 
being very sick, we were permitted to obtain 
the roots we required. For some weeks we 
watched the moon, in order that the night of 
our attempt it should be as dark as possible. 
At the proper time we commenced the medi- 
cine, calculating upon the entire disappear- 
ance of the moon. The keeper of this prison, 
on tlie night determined upon to make the 
.effort, annoyed us by frequently coming into 
the rocim, and talking and singing. At first 
we thought of tying him and putting his head 
in a bag; so that, should he call for assistance, 
he could not be heard. We first, however, 
tried the experiment of pretending to be 
asleep, and when he returned to pay no 
regard to him. This accomplished our ob- 
ject. He came in, and went immediately 
out ; and we could hear him snore in the 
immediate vicinity of the door. I then took 
the rope, whicli we had secreted under our 
bed, and mounting ujion the shoulder of my comrade, raised myself by the 
knife worked into the crevices of the stone, and succeeded in reaching 
tlie embrasure. Here I made fast the rupe, that my friend might follow 
me. I then passed through the hole a sufficient length of it to reach the 
ground upon the outside (about twenty-five feel) in the ditch. ] had calcu- 
lated the distance when going for roots. With mucii difficulty I succeeded in get- 
ting my head through; for the sharp stones took the skin off my breast and back. 
Putting my head through first, I was obliged to go down head foremost, until my 
feet were through, feiring every moment the rope would breik. At last, safely on 
the ground, I awaited with anxiety the ai rival of my comrade. I had passed 
another rope through the hole, which, in tlie event of discovery, Talmus Hadjo 
was to pull, as a signal to me from the outside, that he was discovered, and could 
not come. As soo)i as I struck the ground, I took hold of the signal, for intelli- 




COACOOCHEE. 




FORT MARION — SOUTHEAST TOWER. 




FORT MARION - NORTHEAST TOWER. 



46 The Standard Guide. 

gence from my friend. The night was very dark. Two men passed near me, talk- 
ing earnestly, and I could see them distinctly. Soon I heard the struggle of my 
companion far above me. He had succeeded in getting his head through, hut his 
body would come no farther. In the lowe.st lone of voice, I urged him to throw 
out his breath, and then try; soon after, he came tumbling down the whole dis- 
tance. For a few moments I thought him dead. I dragged him to some water 
close by, which restored him; but his leg was so lame he was unable to walk. 
I took him upon my shoulder to a scrub, near the town. Daylight was just break- 
ing, it was evident we must move rapidly. I caught a mule in the adjoining 
field, and making a biidle out of rny sash, mounted my companion, and slarted for 
the St. John's River. The mule we used one day, but fearing the whites would 
track us, we felt more secure on foot in the hammock, though moving very slow. 
Thus we continued our journey five days, subsisting upon roots and berries, when 
I joined my band, then assembled on the headwaters of the Tomoka River, near 
the Atlantic coast." 

Coacoochee finally surrendered and was removed to Arkansas, 
where he took the leadership of his people. Osceola was removed 
to Fort Moultrie, where shortly after he died. 

From the southeast of the court, to the right cf the entrance hall, 
an inclined plane of stonework leads up to the platform terrepiein) 
of the ramparts. The original inclined plane is to be replaced by a 
new one. 

At the outer angle of each bastion B is a sentry box AV , that 
on the northwest 25 feet high being also a watch-tower for looking 
to seaward. A stroke of lightning shattered the sentry-bo.\ on the 
northwest corner. Distance from corner to corner, 317 feet. The 
four sides of the fort between the bastions are the curtains. There 
are four equal bastions and four equal curtains. The wr.lis of 
bastions and curtains are 9 feet thick at base, 4|^ at top. and 25 
feet high, above the present moat level. Battlements similar to 
those on the other sides formerly defended the east water) side of 
the ramparts. The bastions are filled with earth, and there is no 
foundation for the romantic tale of a subterranean passageway from 
the southwest bastion to a neighboring convent. 

The moat is 40 feet wide. It was formerly deeper than at 
present, had a perfectly cemented concrete floor, and was flooded 
at high tide. The excavation of the moat of San Marco is an 



48 The Stajidard Giiidc. 

archceological task waiting to richly reward some enthusiastic 
St. Augustine Schliemann. 

Running along the outer edge of the moat are narrow level spaces 
called covercd-ioays ; and wider levels called piact's-of-arms, where 
artillery was mounted and the troops gathered, protected by the 
outer wall or parapet, from which slopes the glacis. 

The fortification of stone water battery) in front is of modern 
construction, having been built by the United States in 1842; and 
the small brick building (hot shot furnace in the moat between the 
east curtain and the water battery dates from 1844. The guns of 
the battery have been dismounted, and all but one or two removed. 

In different forms and herring different names, St. Augustine's 
fort has been established more than three centuries; for two hun- 
dred years the fort was St. Augustine, and St. Augustine was Florida. 
First a rude : nd temporary fortification of logs, it expanded in plan 
and magnitude until developed into the great stone fortress of 1756. 
Menendez utilized the Indian council house as a defense a ainst the 
Huguenots from Fort Caroline. After his mass ere of the French 
at Matanzas Inlet, the Spaniard stood in just fear of a hostile fleet 
from France; and he set about the building of a regular fort of logs. 
Twenty years later Francis Drake took this fort — San Juan de Pinos 
— and destroyed it; when the Spaniards, having discovered the 
coquina quarries on Anastasia Island, undertook the construction of 
a fort of stone. In those days the progress of such a work was slow; 
and when the Koucaniers came in 1665, the fort, though well under 
way, was not in a condition to offer any resistance. Convicts from 
Spain and Mexico, Indians and slaves, toiled at the walls; and when 
Jonathan Dickenson, the shi])wrecked Philadelphia Quaker, came to 
St. Augustine in 1695, he found the fort, curtain and bastion walls 
thirty feet high. This was the fort San Marco, which Moore of 
Carolina fruitlessly besieged in 17 12, and Oglethorpe of Georgia 
cannonaded without effect for forty days in 1740. Fort San Marco 
was one of a series of works defending St. Augustine; other forts 
were north of the town, on the St. Johns River, and at Maianzas. 



fe.; 








50 



The Standard Guide. 



Shortly after coming into the possession of the United States, the 
Fort was named Fort Marion, in honor of the famous Revolutionary 
partisan, General Francis Marion. 

The Fort is built of coquina, which in its day was considered a 
very excellent material for this purpose, since cannon balls would 
sink into the wall without shattering it as they would harder stone. 
On the sea front of the southwest bastion are a number of crevices 
which, according to local tradition, were caused by British cannon 
balls from the opposite shore. In those days of crude weapons, the 
coquina bastions were capable of withstanding a much harder attack 
than Oglethorpe's; but the art of war has changed since that time, 
and Fort Marion's coquina would succumb to artillery of the present. 

The Fort has been dismantled. A few antiquated and long- 
silent cannon are preserved as suggestions of the warlike char- 
acter of the surroundings, and here and there the rusted throat of 
a half buried gun breaks the surface of the moat; while on the 
northwest crest of the glacis reposes a great cannon, about which 
cattle peacefully browse and children inno ently play. 




CANNON ON NOKlHWESr C.LACIS. 



THE PLAZA. 




TRANSFORMATION has been wrought in 
the little public square in the centre of the 
town. It is now a beautiful park of shrub- 
bery and shade trees, with monuments and 
fountains, an antiquated market place in- 
viting one to loiter, and an outlook to the 
east over the bay and Anastasia Island to 
the sails of ships at sea. All this is the 
more charming to those who remember the 
Plaza — not so many years ago — when it 
was a shadeless, unkempt, uninviting waste of scanty turf and blow- 
ing sand. Long before those days it had been beautiful with orange 
trees, whose wonderful size and fruitfulness are yet among the 
town's traditions. The square is diminutive, but it is unconciously 
magnified and dignified because of the contrast to the narrow streets 
whence one emerges upon its stretch of greensward. 

It takes its name from the monument erected here by the 
Spaniards in 1813. This is a pyramid of coquina, stuccoed and 
whitewashed, rising from a stone pedestal, and surmounted by a 
cannon ball. It is not a work of high artistic pretension, nor of 
very imposing proportions, but its history is curious. The existence 
of such a memorial here in the United States is incongruous, for it 
commemorates a minor event of European history. 



52 



The Standard Guide. 



^ 



.' v.l 




PLAZA — LOOKING NORI HWEST. 

"Charles IV. having l)een compelled to abdicate the Spanish 
throne in favor of Ferdinand \'II., Napoleon Bonaparte was called 
to arbitrate between them. He extorted from both a resignation of 
their claims, and placed his own brother, Joseph Nap leon, en the 
throne 1808. An insurrection of the Spanish people followed. 
The French troops were employed to support Napoleon, and Eng- 
land, recognizing the claims of Ferdinand VII., aided the cause of 
the insurgents. In :8i2, the Spanish Cortes the legislative body 
representing the insurgents) completed the formation of a new and 
liberal conslitution. In commemoration of this, monuments were 
erected in Spain and the Spanish provinces. Among others was this 
one in the province of Florida, the square then taking the name 
Plaza lie la Constitucion. Tinally, in 1814, the war for independ- 
ence was brought to a successful termination; and Ferdinand VII., 



The Standard Guide. 53 

having pledged himself to support the new constitution, was recalled 
to the throne. Once in power, almost his first act was to repudiate 
th2 new constitution and declare it null and void. Throughout 
Spain and her American dependencies it was commanded that the 
monuments erected two years previously in commemoration of the 
constitution, should be destroyed. Notwithstanding the royal 
decree, this one in Florida was not torn down. The tablets were 
removed, but four years later ( 181 8) were restored to their places, 
where they have remained ever since." — Old St. Augustine, p. 121 
In each of three sides is set a marble tablet, bearing th^ inscrip- 
tion Plaza de la Consiitucion; and on the east side graven in 
delightfully antiquated characters is the following inscription: 

Plaza de la Constitucion. 
Promulgada en esta Ciudad de San 
Agustin de la Florida Oriental en 
17 de Octubre de 1S12 siendo Goberno 
DOR EL Brigadier Don Sebastian Kin 
daleSi Caballero del Orden de Santiago 

Peira Eterna Memoria. 
El Ayuntamiento Constitucional Erigio 
este Obelisco dirigido por Don Fernando 
DE la Plaza Arredondo el Joven Regidor 
Decano y Don Francisco Robira 
Procuraddr Sindico.— 
And de 1813. 
The translation is : " Plaza of the Constitution, promulgated in 
the city of St. Augustine, in East Florida, on the 17th day of 
October, in the year 181 2; the Brigadier Don Sebastian Kindalem, 
Knight of the Order of Santiago, being Governor. For eternal 
remembrance the Constitutional City Council erected this monu- 
ment, under the superintendence of Don Fernando de la Maza 
Arredondo, the younj- municipal officer, oldest member of the cor- 
poration, and Don Francisco Robira, Attorney and Recorder. In 
the year 1813." 

A Mason'c emblem, beneath the legend, is no part of the original 



54 



The Standard Guide. 




A, C, Fountains. B, Plaza Monument. D, Confederate Monument. 

design; it was cut recently, and is of the nature of a disfigurement. 
Don Fernando de la Maza Arredondo was a wealthy merchant. 
It has been stated, though on no sufficient authority, that this is the 
only monument of the sort now in existence. 

A second monu:nent in the Plaza, erected in 1879 by the Ladies' 
Memorial Association, is to commemorate the volunteers from St. 
Augustine and vicinity, who lost their lives in the Confederate 
service. Ihe sha't is of coquina, and bears the inscriptions: 

Oitr J)i-aiL Ercctcii by the L'ldies Mcviorial Association of St. Angus- 
till,'. Fill., A. D. 1S72. 

In Meinoiiam. Our Unrd ones r.-Z/c j^^tiTf their lives in the serz-ir'e of 
the Confederate States. 

They died far fioiii the home thit x'ar;' tliem Inrlli. 



They harv crossed the river ant r,:\t uiuiiv the shade of the treet. 

The open structure on the east end of the I'laza was built in 1840 



The Standa7'd Guide. 



55 



for a public market. It is erroneously said to be of Spanish origin, 
but the Spaniards had left St. Augustine twenty years previous to its 
building. Since the last war, it has done duty as a slave market. 
Before that time, it was a very ordinary, unpretentious common- 
place depot for the sale of meat and fish, to secure his daily por- 
tion of which the St. Augustine householder repaired to the Plaza 
market in the darkness of early morning or on Saturday afternoons 
— weekly occasions of unwonted bustle in the quiet town. The re- 
quirements of St. Augustine have long outgrown this primitive style 
of marketing, and the old mart has been turned into a lounging- 
place, where citizen and stranger meet to bask in the sunshine and 
drink sulphur water. At stated intervals the military band uses this 




THE OLO MARKET. 



56 



The Standard Gitidc. 







ST. GEORGE STREET AND PLAZA. 



as a music stand for the benefit of the St. Augustine Hotel guests 
in particular, and the whole town in general. 

The fountains are supplied by the flow of artesian wells; and the 
water is strongly impregnated with sulphur. If allowed to stand 
in the open air, the sulphur taste and odor disappear. 

Always a place of public assembly, the Plaza has been the scene 
of two incidents which strikingly illustrate the curious vicissitudes 
of the town's history. The first of these was on that historic night 
in the year 1776 when the British subjects of King George IV. as- 
sembled here and burned in effigy two of the signers of the Decla- 
ration of Independence; and the second, a hundred years later, was 
the Fourth of July gathering of St. Augustine in mass meeting on 
the Plaza to applaud the reading of that Declaration. 

Originally, no doubt, the square was designed as a parade for the 
maneuvering of troops. On a map of the town in British times, 



The Standard Guide. 57 

as given in " Old St. Augustine," it is called '' The Parade Ground." 
For this it was employed so late as the close of the civil war, when 
the sunset dress-parade of the United States troops on the Flaza 
was — next to the daily arrival of the mail stage — the great event of 
the day. A person of antiquarian tastes might find much of interest 
in the alterations which have been made during the lat fifty years 
in the Plaza surroundings. King street, the broad, shaded street 
which runs west, was originally a high-walled alley ten feet wide; 
another wall shut in the lot where the Post Office stands, on the site 
of the old Governor's house, and another extended from St. George 
street south to the Cathedral, and then to Charlotte street, where on 
the corner stood the guard house — the site of the St. Augustine 
Hotel. 

Facing the Plaza on the west (St. George street) is the Post Office; 
the east is open to the bay. On the south rises the spire of Trinity 
Church; and on the north (west of the St. Augustine Hotel) is 

THE CATHEDRAL. 

Before the era of winter hotels in St. Augustine, the Cathedral 
was the most imposing structure between Fort and Barracks; and, 
though somewhat overshadowed by the great caravansary near by, 
it still remains the most interesting of the Plaza's surroundings. In 
architecture the edifice is of Colonial fashion, with classic and Queen 
Anne features intermingled. The entrance is through a door with full- 
centred arched top. and is flanked on either side by double columns 
of severe type, supporting a heavy pediment. On either side in the 
blank wall are small windows with arched top; while above, close 
under the cornice line, are small, round windows of a Dutch pattern. 
In the gable, above the projecting cor/.ice, which is carried across 
the street fafjide and rests on broad pilasters at either angle, is a 
small window with a " sunburst," surmounting what is now a clock but 
was formerly a mural sun-dial. Instead of following the rigid line of 
the roof rafters, the front wall is finished off at the sides ia an ogee 
curve, while above a mask wall is carried up as a belfry. This is 



58 TJic Standard Guide. 

lightened in appearance by three arched window openings, above 
the ridge Hne of the roof. Each of these fenestral openings has 
been utiHzed for the hanging of a bell, while a fourth bell is in yet 
another similar opening above. A curious feature is the open cor- 
ridor running along behind the wall for the accommodation of the 
bell-ringers. A ball is set upon the apex of the wall, attached to 
this is a vane, and surmounting all rises the Latin cross. 

Within the Cathedral, on the left of the vestibule, is a silver cruci- 
fix, which formerly belonged to an older church — N^ostra Senora 
de la Leche, which was torn down, and its ornaments sold for the 
construction of the present Cathedral. The interior of the church 
is, like the exterior, of severe type. Among the paintings is one of 
recent production and indifferent merit, which has for its historical 
subject "The First Mass in St. Augustine." 

Of the four bells, three are rung or jangled in a way quite pecu- 
liar to the town. One of these bells, that in the west niche, is a 
beautiful piece of artistic workmanship. It bears the inscription: 
" Sancte • Joseph • Ora • Pro • Nobis • D • 1682." It has been 
claimed for this bell that it is the oldest on this Continent; it may 
be the most ancient within the limits of the United States, antedating 
by three years the famous bell in the Dutch church at Tarrytown, 
N. Y., which bears the date 1685. The Cathedral itself is not old 
when compared with some other church edifices in this country; it 
is, for example, nearly a hundred years more modern than the Tarry- 
town church just referred to. It was completed in 1791. The 
material is coquina, which is stuccoed. The church is open during 
the day; admission to the belfry is by special permit. 




THE SEAWALL. 



XTENDING from the water-battery of Fort Marion 
south along the water front of the town to 
the United States barracks, stands a seawall 
of coquina capped with New England granite. 
It affords a necessary protection against the encroach- 
ment of the sea. The site of St.Augustine is so low that under 
certain c nditions of wind and tide the waves would inundate much 
of the town, and the damage would be irreparable. As it is, in 
heavy east storms the water dashes over the top of the wall and 
sometimes floods the adjacent streets. 

The need of such a barrier against the sea was recognized at an 
early time in the town's history. There is a touch of the humorous 
side of history in the spectacle of Spain, having chosen this bit of 
Florida soil for a town, building first a huge fort to defend it from 
the attack of invaders, and then a great wall to protect it from the 
inroads of the sea. The records tell us that the soldiers volunteered 
their labor and contributed part of their pay toward the construction 
of the first wall. They were probably wise enough in their day and 
generation to understand that if the town were swept away their 
lazy occupation of garrisoning it would tumble into the sea too. 
The first wall of which we have any note e.xtended only to the center 
of the town; indeed, the seawall in English times, 1763, as shown by 




THE PLAZA BASIN. 



The Standard Guide. 



63 



a plan reproduced in " Old St. Augustine," was not carried south 
of the Parade (plaza). 

The present wall was built by the United States, as a comple- 
ment to the repairs of Fort Marion, 1835-42, at an expense of 
$100,000. Length, 3^ mile; height, 10 feet; width of granite 
coping, 3 feet. 

At different points stairways descend to the boat landings at water 
level; and near the Plaza and Barracks are recesses or basins where 
boats unload their freight and find shelter from storms. These basins 
are gradually filling up, and it is not improbable that they will shortly 
be done away with, to the advantage of the street upon which they 
intrench. 

From the seawall a charming prospect is afforded of the sail-dotted 
harbor, the shining sand dunes of the North Beach, the green stretch 
of Anastasia with the lighthouse rising against the eastern sky, and 
the quivering mirage of the horizon north and sjuth. The wall 
itself harmonizes admirably with the Fort, of which it seems naturally 
to be a part, and its sweeping curves add not a little to the beauty 
of St. Augustine's water front. 




ST. FRANXIS BARRACKS. 




OMPLEMENTING the battleirents and watch- 
towers of Fort Marion on the north, the St. 
Francis Barracks stand out conspicuously at 
the southern end of the town facing the Ma- 
'^'''tanzas. Almost continuously since it was 
founded by the mailed soldiers of Menendez, 
St. Augustine has been a military post; and 
under Spanish rule it was little else. When 
the British came, they emulated the military 
spirit of their predecessors and built on the 
plain south of the town, with bricks brought 
from the banks of the Hudson River, a huge barrack, which cost a 
tremendous sum, and shortly after its completion went up in smoke. 
The present barracks occupy the site where once stood a Franciscan 
convent. This convent was abandoned when Florida was ceded to 
Great Britain in 1763; and when Spain resumed possession of the 
town, in 1783, the former convent was utilized by the Spanish Gov- 
ernor as a barrack for his troops. The old building has been 
greatly modified by the United States Government, although not 
entirely rebuilt; and some of the original coquina walls of the con- 
vent remain. 

The post is occupied by United States troops. Two companies 
of the Second Artillery are stationed here, under command of Gen. 
R. B. Ayers. The out-door concerts giving by the military band. 



The Standard Gitide. 




ST. FRANCIS BARRACKS. 



the dress-parades and the guard-mount at sunset, on the parade in 
front of the Barracks, are among the attractions of St. Augustine. 
Just beyond the Barracks, to the south, is 



THE MILITARY CEMETERY. 

For admission to the cemetery, the requisite pass may be had on 
appHcation to the adjutant of the post, office opposite the Barracks. 
In the cemetery are the three low pyramids of masonry forming the 
tombs of officers and men who lost their lives in the Seminole War. 

This memorial is commonly spoken of as " Dade's Monument," 
because more than one hundred of the soldiers interred here were 
those who perished in the " Dade Massacre." This was one of the 
most tragic incidents of the Seminole War. In the last week of 
August, 1835, two companies of United States troops, under com- 
mand of Brevet-Major F. L. Dade, Fourth Inft., were on their way 
from Fort Brooke to Fort King, and while marching through an open 
pine barren were surprised and massacred by a band of Seminoles 



66 The Standard Giiide. 

lying in ambush under the scrub palmetto. This is the story as told 
by an officer at the time: 

" Early on the morning of the aStli, the ill-fated party were again in motion, and 
wilt II about four miles from their last camp, the advance guard passed a plat of 
high i^rass, and having reached a thick cluster of palmettos, about fifty yards 
bey>'ud the grass, a very heavy and destructive fire was opened upon them by an 
unseen enemy, at a distance of fifty or sixty yards, which literally mowed them 
down, and threw the main column into the greatest confusion. Soon recovering, 
however, and observing the enemy rise in front of them, they made a charge, and 
plied their fire so unerringly that the Indians gave way, but not until muskets 
were clubbed, knives and bayonets used, and the combatants were clinched; they 
were finally driven off at a considerable distance. Major Dade having fallen 
dead on the first fire, the command devolved upon Capt. Gardiner, and as 
he discovered the Indians gathering again about a half mile off, he directed a 
breastwork to be thrown up for their protection; but the enemy allowed them so 
little time that it was necessarily very low (only two and a half feet high) and 
imperfect. The Indians being reinforced, and having stationed about a hundred 
of their mounted warriors on the opposite side to cut off retreat, they slowly and 
cautiously advanced to a second attack, yelling and whooping in so terrific a nian- 
ner as to drown the report of the firearms. The troops soon began to make their 
great gun speak, which at first kept the enemy at bay; but soon surrounding the 
little breastwork, they shot down every man who attempted to work the gun. so 
that it was rendered almost useless to them. One by one these brave and heroic 
men fell by each other's side in the gallant execution of their duty to their count rj. 
Being obliged, by the ineffective field-work, to lie down to load and fire, the poor 
fellows labored under great disadvantages, as in the haste with which the work -.vas 
constructed they selected the lowest ground about that spot, and consequenily 
gave the enemy doubly the advantage over them. Major Dade and his horse, 
Capt. Fraser and nearly every man of the advance-guard fell dead on the first 
volley, besides a number of the main column. * * * Toward the close of the 
battle, poor Gardmer received his death shot in the breast, and fell close to Lieut. 
Mudge. The command of the little post then fell on Lieut. Bassenger.who observed, 
on seeing Capt. Gardiner fall, ' I'm the only officer left, boys; we must do the best 
we can.' He continued at his post about an hour after Gardiner's death, when he 
received a shot in the thigh which brought him down. Shortly after this, their 
ammunition gave out, and the Indians broke into the enclosure, and since every 
man was either killed or so badly wounded as to be unable to make lesistance, 
took off their firearms and whatever else would be of service to them and retreated." 
— " The JTar in Florida" l>y a late Staff-Officer. 

In the following spring 1836 a detachment of troops visited the 
scene of the massacre, and on the battle-ground where they had 



The Standard Guide. 



67 



fallen buried ofificers and soldier. The grave was dug within the 
rude breastwork of logs; and at the head, as a memorial, they 
planted the cannon. Then the troops formed into two columns, 
and with arms reversed marched in opposite directions three times 
around the breastwork, while the band played the Dead March. 
But these military rites in the pine forest were not to be the final 
solemnities. At the close of the war, the remains of Dade's men 
and others were transferred to St. Augustine, and interred here, 
August 15, 1842. 

The pyramids are stuccoed and perfectly devoid of any orna- 
mentation. A monument bears, ort the north, east, south and west 
faces respectively, the following inscriptions: 

Sacred to the memory of the Officers and Soldiers killed in battle and 
died on service during the Florida War. 



This monument has been erected in token of respectful and affectionate 
remembrance by their comrades of all grades, and is committed to the care 
and preservation of the garrison of St. Augustine. 



A minute record of all the officers who perished and are here or else- 

ivhere deposited, as also a portion of the soldiers, has been prepared, and 

placed in the office of the Adjutant of the Post, where it is hoped it %vill 
be carefully and perpetually preserved. 



This conflict, in which so many gallant men perished in battle and by 
disease, commenced 2$th December, 1835, terminated i^th August, 1842. 




THE HARBOR. 







AINT AUGUSTINE'S harbor, sheltered by the 
spit of land called the North Beach, and by 
r, Anastasia Island, is a sheet of water admirably 
i- / adapted for pleasure sailing and rowing. These 
are among the staple winter amusements. At 
the wharves will be found a large fleet of sail 
boats, which are safe and commodious; and they are manned by 
capable and trustworthy skippers, some of whom learned to sail a 
boat almost before they learned to walk M().st of these craft are 
of local production, and built on a model peculiar to the harbor. 
U.sual rates of hire, 50 cents to $1.00 per hour. In addition to these 
boats for charter, there are usually here in the winter sail and steam 
yachts from the North; and the private craft range all the way from 
the Minorcan fisherman's dugout (a survival of the ancient Florida 
Indian's rude log boat) and the clumsy wood-scows to the light and 
graceful Rushton canoe. A steamboat often seen in the harbor is the 
Seth Low, the famous tug which towed the Monitor down to meet 
the Merrimac at Hampton Roads. 

An afternoon afloat is likely to prove one of the most pleasant 
memories of a visit to St. Augustine. What with the changing 
landscape — a ; hifting panorama of water and land and sky, the 
charming views of the town as seen from the bay, the bright .sails in 
the harbor, and the multitudinous forms of marine life, there is 



The Standard Guide. 69 

always enough to interest and amuse. Fort Marion is well worth 
seeing from the water; the proportions of this fortification are hardly 
appreciated until one has approached the fort from the harbor its 
artillery once defended. 

Extended excursions may be made (see page 11^ to Matanzas; up 
the North River; to Anastasia Island, Bird Island, and the beaches, 
called North and South with reference to the harbor entrance. 
North Beach is a term applied to the beaches of the ocean and the 
harbor and to the long narrow spit of land formed by them. Along 
the shores extend irregular lines of sand dunes, which are ever shift- 
ing and changing their shape, like the northern snowdrifts they 
so closely resemble. From the water or from the opposite shore 
the North Beach presents a scene of rare beauty, with its narrow 
strip of shining silver between the blue of the water and the deeper 
blue of the sky. Arrived at the shore, one finds half-buried wrecks 
and seawrack to dream over, sea shells to gather, innumerable forms 
of curious sea life to investigate, and the never ending, ever new 
study of wave motion and color. At sunset the Florida seashore 
takes on a peculiar beauty. Surf and beach are transplendent with 
the soft shades and delicate tints of the sky; the atmosphere is aglow 
with color, and there comes to one the novel experience of not alone 
beholding the distant glories of the west, but of actually standing in 
and being surrounded by the effulgence of the dying day. But the 
average St. Augustine skipper is not inclined to linger for sunset 
effects on the North Beach; the one practical consideration with him 
is that when the sun goes down the sea breeze will go down too, and 
his boat and party will be becalmed. Experience has taught him 
the wisdom of an early return to the wharves. Menendez, the 
Spanish founder of St. Augustine, had an unpleasant bit' of adven- 
ture, brought about by this sunset calm. He had gone out in a 
small boat to one of his large ships, the San Palayo, lying off the 
coast, and on his way back to the new town at sunset he was becalmed 
and compelled to anchor outside the bar. When he woke up the 
next morning the first thing he saw was the French fleet bearing 



*jO The Standard Guide. 

down upon him, and it was only by hairbreadth escape that he 
eluded his pursuers and in his little boat crossed the bar where their 
ships could not follow.* 

The porpoises which frequent the harbor in great numbers have 
always been a conspicuous feature of these waters. Away back in 
1563, before the Spaniards had founded St. Augustine, the French 
explorers who came here found the porpoises or dolphins) so 
numerous that they gave to the river the name " Riviere des 
Dauphines," the River of Dolphins, and by this name it is set down 
on the old maps. Among the Florida pictures by the French artist, 
Jacques Le Moyne, who came here with that expedition, is one 
intended to represent the French ships at the River of Dolphins; 
this drawing is one of the five De Bry plates reproduced in " Old 
St. Augustine," from which we borrow the copy on the opposite 
page. 

One charming feature of St. Augustine's harbor — the feathered 
life — has almost disappeared. A few years ago great numbers of 
birds of plumage frequented marshes, bay, beach and sand bar; but 
the monomaniacs who conceive that all feathered creatures were 
made expressly as a target for bullet and shot, have pursued the 
birds with such scandalous industry that practical extermination is 
the result. Buzzards, carrion crows, ospreys and gulls remain, but 
even these are harried by the harbor gunners possessed of an indecent 
mania to kill something. An abundance of legitimate game may be 
found within easy access from St. Augustine; and there should be a 
law forbidding the destruction of any bird in the harbor and waters 
adjacent. 



* " Oi I) St. Aic.i'STiNE," page 29. 










"^M'fiM 






^j^^«V!^.^';/H. 



ST. ANASTASIA ISLAND. 




N FRONT of the town, between bay and 
ocean, lies the Island of St. Anastasia. 
It is a favorite resort for excursion 
parties, and has many attractions for 
the tourist. The most plea.sant time 
for a visit is the afternoon. The 
route is by boat around the northern 
point of land to the beach direct; or, 
^ -X^i more commonly, across the bay to 

Quarry Creek see map, p. ii , thence across to the light-house by 
tramway car, or by a charming footpath 3/i.' m. through the shrub- 
bery from a second boat-landing further up the creek. Points to 
visit are the "new " light-house, ruins of " old " light-house, beach 
and coquina cpiarries. 

The light-house is usually open to visitors; and when convenient 
to do so, the light keeper, Mr. W. A. Harn, or assistant, will accom- 
pany parties to the tower, whence a magnificent and far-e.xtending 
view is afforded over sea and land. The light-house is 150 feet in 
height from base to light tower, the lamp being 165 feet above sea 
level. Eight flights of spiral staircases lead to the tower. The 
light, technically classed as of the first -order, is a revolving or flash 
light. The lamp itself is stationary, and the act. :al intensity of its 













^^^^^^^^^^^m^m 



SHORE OF ST. ANASTASIA ISLAND. 



74 The Standard (inidc. 

flame does not change. The variabihty of the Hght is secured by 
the revolving of the glass lantern, which is provided with a series of 
powerful lenses or gigantic bull's-eyes, each one sending out a 
great beam of light. The constant and steady beam from each 
lense revolves with the lantern. From St. Augustine at night thi.s 
beam may distinctly be seen stretching out into the darkness, as it 
wheels in mighty revolutions about the tower. The purpose of 
the variability is that the light may be distinguished from other 
lights on the coast; and that the light-house may also be dis- 
tinguished when seen in the daytime, its exterior is painted blac'-c and 
white in broad spiral bands, like a Brobdingnaggian barber's pole. 

The present light-house was built in 1872-3, to take the place of 
an older coquina structure, whose ruins may be seen on the shore a 
short distance northwest. The latter has commonly, though incor- 
rectly, been called the "old Spanish light-house." Its original 
purpose and use were not for a light-house, but a lookout or watch- 
tower, " where is always watch kept to see if any Ships are coming 
from Sea, and as many Ships as many Flaggs are hung out that ye 
Citty may know it." The history of the old time lookout on An- 
astasia is intimately connected with the history of St. Augustine. 
It was one of a series of watch-towers and sentry-boxes established 
by the Spaniards along the coast, whence the watchmen signaled to 
the town the welcome coming of ships from Old Spain, or the 
dreaded approach of a hostile fleet. A token of weal or woe, in 
those days the signal flag on Anastasia Island was as eagerly 
watched by the Spaniards on shore as ever in these times the light 
is looked for by ships at sea. Away back in 1586, thirty years after 
the town was established, the rude wooden scaffolding here attracted 
the notice of the English sea-king, Francis Drake, sailing along this 
coast on his way home from pillaging the cities of the Spanish 
Main; and he tarried long enough to ransack St. Augustine, and 
destroy by fire whatever he could not bear off. On numerous sub- 
sequent occasions the town was thrown into consternation by the 
signal flag telling of an enemy's coming; and in 1742. when the 




ST. AUGUSTINE LIGHT 



76 



The Standard Chiidc. 




Georgia forces were led against 
St. Augustine by Oglethorpe, 
they captured the lookout — 
then built of coquina — and es- 
tabhshed their batteries on the 
Island here, on the western 
shore opposite the Fort, and 
across on the North Beach. 
Shortly after Florida came in- 
to possession of the United 
States, the Government re- 
modeled and practically re- 
Iniilt the old Spanish look- 
out, and converted it into a 
light-house. Its situation was 
then at some distance back 
from the shore at the begin- 
ning of this century the dis- 
tance of the lookout from the 
beach had been ^ mile); but 
with the gradual encroachment 
of the waves the shore was 
eaten away, the distance from 
light to beach grew less and 
less, until the impending fate 
of the building was so clearly 
foreseen that the new light- 
hou.se was built, and the old 
one, no longer tenable, was 
tieserted. The sea at length 
reached the coquina founda- 
tion ledge of the ancient tower, 
and one June night in 1880, in 
tlie height of a furious tempest. 



78 The Standard Guide. 

the walls swayed, tottered and fell with a crash into the sea. Of the 
entire structure only a fragment of the rear wall of one of the out- 
buildings and a vine-clad bit of the loop-holed enclosure are left 
standing. The coquina blocks of the tower and the keeper's house 
lie in a mass of ruins where they fell; and the site, above which in 
times past the welcome beacon flamed for ships off the Florida coast, 
is now submerged by the incoming tide. 

The sea shore of the Island is known as the South Beach. The 
North Beach is opposite; and to the right, seaward, are the great 
stretches of sand which form Bird Island. This is of recent forma- 
tion. Twenty years ago it was at low tide an insignificant tract of 
barren sand, much frequented by waterfowl, and at high tide almost 
covered by the sea. It is reached by sail boat from the town. 

The coquina formation of Anastasia Island is well shown in the 
ledges at the ruins of the old light-house. The strata may be 
studied here, but are better seen at the quarries, southwest of the 
light-house (i^m). Coquina (Spanish, coquina, signifying a shell- 
fish) is a conglomeration of shells and shell fragments of great 
variety of form, color and size. Ages ago these were washed up in 
enormous quantities by the waves, just as other masses of similar 
material are now left on the beach, where one may walk for miles 
through the loose fragments which, under favorable conditions, 
would in time form coquina stone. Vv'hen these shell deposits were 
cut off from the sea by intervening sand bars, like Bird Island, they 
were in course of time partially dissolved by rain water, and firmly 
cemented together in a compact mass of shell-stone. 

The coquina stone is soft, and very easily quarried. It is cut out 
in blocks to suit the needs of the builder. It hardens upon expos- 
ure to the atmosphere; and was once extensively used as a building 
material. As already stated, the Fort, the Gateway, the Cathedral 
and a part of the Barracks are built of coquina. Quarry Creek 
took its name from these coquina quarries. 

At the southern extremity of St. Anastasia Island is the inlet of 
Matanzas, often visited because of its historical associations, its 



The Standard Guide. 79 

ruined Spanish fort and its fishing grounds. A steam launch makes 
stated trips from St. Augustine, and sail boats may be chartered for 
the excursion. A hotel affords lodgings (with cooking privileges) 
and a restaurant is maintained in the season. The inlet and adjacent 
waters are favorite resorts for fishing parties. 

Leaving the Barracks on the right, shortly beyond on the left bank 
of the river, a beautiful site is pointed out as Fish's Island, an estate 
which has been in the possession of one family for more than a 
hundred years. The original proprietor was Jesse Fish, who came 
here from Flatbush, N. Y., away back near the close of the first 
Spanish supremacy, lived here during the English occupation, and 
remained when the Spaniards returned again. 

Five miles below St. Augustine, on the right bank, is Moultrie. 
In British times this was the site of Lieut. -Gov. John Moultrie's 
plantation, Buena Vista. John Moultrie was one of the planters who 
came here from South Carolina when Florida was ceded by Spain 
to Great Britain. At the time of the Revolutionary War he was a 
pronounced Loyalist. His brother, William Moultrie, of Charleston, 
was equally active as a Patriot, and was one of the prisoners 
brought to St. Augustine from that city in 1780, and a strange meet- 
ing it must have been this between Patriot brother and Loyalist 
brother. When Florida was ceded to Spain once more, John Moul- 
trie abandoned his beautiful plantation, and left the province. Like 
other plantations, this was fortified. Later there was here a regu- 
lar work of defense called Fort Moultrie. One of the famous 
treaties made by the United States with the Seminole Indians was 
signed here in 1823; and the Government's alleged violation of the 
agreement then made was one of the prime causes of dissatisfac- 
tion that led to the disastrous Seminole War. 

The remains of the Spanish fort are seen on the right bank as the 
boat approaches Matanzas. Its ruins are the most picturesque in 
Florida. In the early morning and at sunset the fort and its sur- 
roundings present a scene of beauty well worth the journey to 
behold. The fort is of coquina, and was built to defend St. Angus- 



8o 



The Standard Guide. 



tine from the approach of an enemy by way of Matanzas Inlet. It 
was among the Spanish fortifications enumerated by Oglethorpe 
when he wrote to the King of England for instructions to proceed 
against and destroy St. Augustine. During the second Spanish 
supremacy, Matanzas fort was occupied by a garrison of negro troops. 
At Matanzas Spanish, Matanza, " place of slaughter " occurred 
the massacre of the shipwrecked French Huguenots by the Spanish 
bigot Menendez in 1565 — an incident whose heartless atrocity has 
not been surpassed in all the three centuries of St. Augustine's 
remarkable history. It is probable that the shores of the inlet have 
been greatly modified since then, and it is, therefore, quite useless 
to speculate upon the exact locality where the tragedy took place.. 




KUINS OK lOKT Ar MATANZAS 




FLORAL CALENDAR. 



ECAUSE of the pretty fable that the name 
Florida was given to a " Land of Flowers," 
'/ and because the tropical features of the 
t//- \ii,.'m<W-t'«- northern portion of the State have been 
.W^:-^i_^ ■" grossly exaggerated, most persons who 
-■0^-' ' "^ .m come here are quite apt to be disappointed when 
they find the floral display less profuse and brilliant than they 
anticipated. They forget that like the North, the South also has 
its seasons, which are marked in the same manner if in less degree. 
Spring is the time of bursting bud and blossoms; summer of luxuri- 
ant and maturing vegetation; autumn of the falling leaf; while in 
winter the Florida verdure is sere and brown, the deciduous trees 
are bare of leaves, and beneath the sombre drapings of tillandsia — 
as in the North beneath the sheet of snow — the earth rests and 
recuperates. 

There is yet an abundance of foliage and color. Lemon, orange 
and lime, oleander, olive and magnolia, date palm, palmetto and bay 
are evergreen; rose gardens are in perennial bloom; and if one have 
an eye for wild flowers, their number and variety will be found sur- 
prisingly rich and varied, even in the winter months. Of the three 
hundred and seventy-five species to be collected within a radius of 
twenty-five miles, more than one hundred may be gathered in the 
winter season. 




DATE PALM. 



The Standard Guide. 



8' 



The climate is hardly tropical enough for successful culture of the 
banana, and as the growth of the plant is uncertain, no definite 

time can be given for its bloom- 
ing; the blossom appears when- 
ever the plant is sufficiently ma- 
tured, whether this be in March 
or April, or at any time between. 
Many varieties of roses are grown 
in St. Augustine, the choicer kinds 
as well as more common varieties 
being constant bloomers. 

Among the different roses, as 
noted in one rose garden on Cedar 
street, are the following : Con- 
stant bloomers and most hardy — 
Pink daily, Glorie de Rosamond, 
climbing daily and blush roses. 
Constant bloomers except in 
frosty weather; — America, Arch 
Duke Charles, Aline Sisley, Baron 
Alexander de Vrints, Agrippina, 
Comtesse Riza du Pare, Cloth of 
Gold, Duchesse de Brabant, Bou- 
gere, Isabella Sprunt, La Princess 
Vera, James Sprunt, Lamarque, 
Lucullus, Mad. Lawrence, Mad. 
Camille, Malmaison, Rubens, Mar- 
echal Neil, Perle de Lyon, Reine 
Marie Henriette, Sofrano, Beau 
Carmine, Solfaterre, Cels Multiflora, Doctor Berthet, Laurette, Louis 
Richard, Estella Prodel, La Grandeur, La Sylphide, Cornelia Cook, 
La France, Queen of Lombardy, Catherine Mermet, Perle des Jar- 
dins, Mad. Cecile Bruner, Triumph d'Angers, Mad. Joseph Schwartz, 
Letty Coles, Amazone, Duchess of Orleans, Queen of France. Among 




BLOSSOM OF THE BANANA. 



84 The Sta7idai'd Guide. 

other garden flowers the bignonia and opoponax are in constant 
bloom. 

The following list, which is not intended to be complete, gives the 
flowering of only some of the more conspicuous of Florida flowers: 

Wild Flowers. 

January. — IMue and white Violets, creeping Houstonia, late Asters and early 
Yellow Jessamine. 

February. — In svet pine barrens: Uiricularia, Violets, daisy-like Cliaptalia 
and Pinguicula. In low woods: Yellow Jessamine, Florida Hawthorn, (Crataegus 
glandulosa) and Wild Plum. 

March. — In wet pine banens: Huge Thistles (used for making pompons) 
Pinguiculas, Andromedas, Violets and Sundews; and the two orchids. Calopogon 
and Pogonia. Beside streams: Azalea. Dogwood and Viburnum. In dry barrens: 
Lupines, Baplisia, Andromedas, Huckleberries, late Yellow Jessamine and 
Ascyrum (" St. Peter's-Wort "). 

April. — In wet barrens: Sarracenia (" Pitcher plant "), Sundew, Iris and Pogo- 
nia. In dry barrens: Milkweeds, Polygalas, Vaccinium, Arboreum ("Sparkle 
berry"), " Coral Plant " or " Cherokee Bean " (Erythrina), and " Horse Nettle." 

May. — Spanish Bayonet (Yucca), Magnolia. " Loblolly" or Sweet Bay Magno- 
lia, Wild Calla, Rhexia C Deer Grass"), and Tillandsia, or "Spanish Moss," 
(which is not a moss but an air-plant). 

Summer. — Three kinds of Palmetto, Prickly Ash, Prickly Pear, " Spider 
Lilies," •' Matrimony," W^ild Rose, Wild Canna, Coreopsis, Lobelias, Passion 
Flower, six Polygalas, Lily, " Beach Grass " or " Sea Oats," etc.; among the 
orchids three Gymnadenias, four Platantheras, and an Epidendrum. 

Autumn. — Four or five Liatris, several Golden Roils, Baccharis, Asters, Sab- 
batias, Eupatorium. 

December. — .\sters, Baccharis, scarlet berries of the Ilex cassine, ("Ca>sine," 
" Christmas-berry "), Ilex opaca or Holly, and red and black berries of the Wild 

Smilax. 

In Cultivated Grounds. 

February. — "Cherry-Lauiel," wrongly called " Wild Olive," Orange Opoponax 
and Cherokee Rose. 

M.\RCH. — Vetch, Mexican Poppy or -Vrgemone, Amaryllis Atamasco, Linaria, 
Sorrel, Cherokee Rose, Opoponax and Yellow Pyrropappus. 

April. — Oleander, Pomegranate, Woodbine, Honeysuckle, Sweet Olive, Cliero- 
kee Rose. 

Summer. — Century plant and Dale trees. Crepe Myrtle and Pride of India, 
Yellow Elder and Parkinsonia, wrongly called " Mexican Chapparal." 

The Japan plum (Eryobotria japonica) blossoms from October to December. 

M. C. R. 




HISTORICAL. 

St. Augustine founded by Menendez, 1565. Sacked by Drake. 1580, and by the 
Boucaniers, 1665. Besieged by Moore of Carolina, 1702, and by Oglethorpe 
of Georgia. 1740. Becomes a British possession, 1763. Retroceded to Spain, 
1783. Acquired by the United States, 1821. Seminole war, 1835-42. 

NTIQUITY is among the least of St. Augustine's 
claims to historical distinction. Its three centuries 
have been crowded with stirring incident and event- 
ful change, and were this the place for it the story 
would be worth the telling. The town was founded 
at a time when every endeavor and achievement of Europeans on this 
continent savored of romance ; and among all the events of the period 
the establishment of St. Augustine by the Spaniards in Florida is 
memorable because of the incidents connected with it. No event 
in American history possesses more of tragedy and pathos than the 
martyrdom of the Huguenots — a band of men who had left their 
homes in France to establish in the new world a refuge from the 
religious persecutions of their native land, but found in Florida the 
intolerance from which they had fled, and perished at last by the 
hand of a bigot. 

Massacre of the Huguenots. In the year 1563 a company of 
Huguenots sent out by the great French Admiral Coligny came to 
Florida and established a fort on what is now the St. Johns. Two 
years later they were joined by a second company, under command 
of Jean Ribault. These Frenchmen were regarded by the Spaniards 
as trespassers on Spanish territory — for Spain professed to have title 
to all of North America — and a Spanish fleet was dispatched to 
Florida to drive them out. The French under Ribault and the 
Spaniards under Pedro Menendez reached Florida at almost the 



86 TJic Standard Guide. 

same time. Menendez, after an unsuccessful encounter with Ribault's 
fleet off the mouth of the St. Johns, proceeded south, entered the 
harbor which had been named by the French the River of Dolphins, 
disembarked his forces, took possession of the country in the name 
of the King of Spain, and on the site of the Indian village of Seloy 
established a new town — the first permanent settlement of Europe- 
ans on the continent. After the Spanish custom of the time they 
gave it a saintly name, calling it after St. Augustine (Spanish, San 
Augustin , upon whose day they had first sighted the Florida coast. 

Here then were the Spaniards; and forty miles north were the 
Frenchmen. The whole vast continent was before them ; but there 
was not room for both. One must perish. 

The French, leaving a fev/ of their number to garrison Fort Caro- 
line, set sail against the Spaniards, arrived off the bar of St. Augustine, 
and were driven to the south by a storm. Menendez then led a force 
overland to the St. Johns, surprised Fort Caroline and killed most of 
the garrison — a few of the French escaping to their ships. Upon 
his return to St. Augustine the Spaniard learned that the French 
fleet had been wrecked. He proceeded south to an inlet — now 
called Matanzas — and discovered the shipwrecked Frenchmen on 
the other side. By false promises he induced them to surrender, and 
deliver up their arms. Then he sent them boats, brought them over, 
small bands at a time, bound them, blindfolded them, led them behind 
the sand hills, and in the name of his religion put them to death. 

That was in 1565. Three years afterwards a Frenchman, Dom- 
inique de Gourgues, arrived in Florida with a small band of French 
avengers and took the Spanish forts on the St. Johns. Most of the 
soldiers of the garrison perished in the fight. The rest were hung. 

Drake. In 1586, on his way home from the Spanish Main, Francis 
Drake attacked St. Augustine, captured. i:)lundered and brandchatized 
the town. 

The Franciscans. St. Augustine became the head of an extensive 
system of mission labcjrs by the Franciscans among the Florida 
Indians. Manv missions were established and the number of con- 



TJic Standard Guide. 87 

verts must have been very large. The savages did not take kindly 
to the restraints imposed upon them, and in 1597, at the village of 
Tolomato, near St Augustine, a young chief, incensed because among 
other grievances he was allowed but one wife, rebelled against his 
religious teachers, incited his tribe to revolt, and with great cruelty 
massacred the priests, striking them down even a!; the altar. 

The Boticaniers. In 1665 a company of those strange sea-rovers, 
the French Boucaniers from Hispaniola, came here under the leader- 
ship of Admiral Davis, fell upon the town, drove out the inhabitants, 
sacked and burned the dwellings, and went back spoils-laden. 

T/ie English. When the colony of Caroline was established the 
English grant extended so far south that it actually took in St. 
Augustine. The Spaniards, on the other hand, disputed England's 
right to any part of the continent whatever, and for the half cen- 
tury succeeding Spanish expeditions sailed against the English col- 
onies, and British expeditions came against St Augustine. Gover- 
nor Moore of Carolina led his forces against the town in 1702, but 
was repulsed and driven back. When Oglethorpe brought out his 
Georgia colony, the Spaniards resented the new encroachments upon 
their territory, and the two colonies were at constant war. In 1740 
Oglethorpe captured the Spanish forts on the St. Johns, and then 
while his land forces besieged the town on the north his naval con- 
tingent landed on Anastasia Island and for forty days bombarded 
Fort San Marc J. The townspeople took refuge in the fort, where 
they nearly starved before the siege was finally lifted. The Georgia 
general at length became discouraged and withdrew. In 1763 Florida 
was ceded to England. St. Augustine was an important British 
military station during the Revolutionary War, and several attempts 
were made by the American forces to capture it. 

The Minorcans. In 1769, during the British occupation, a colony 
of Minorcans were brought from Minorca in the Mediterranean Sea 
to New Smyrna, on the Indian River, south of St. Augustine. De- 
ceived by Turnbull, the proprietor of the plantation, and subjected 
to gross i:rivation and cruelty, the Minorcans at length appealed to 



88 The Standard Guide. 

the authorities at St. Augustine, were promised protection, deserted 
New Smyrna in a body, came to St. Augustine, were defended against 
the claims of Turnbull, received an allotment of land in the town, 
built palmetto-thatched cottages, remained here after the English 
emigrated, and in the persons of their descendants constitute a por- 
tion of the present population. 

Second Spanish Supremacy. In 1783 Florida was retroceded by 
England to Spain, and the Spaniards occupied St. Augustine until 
1 82 1, when Florida came into the possession of the United States. 

Seminole War. Disputes over the boundaries of the Indian res- 
ervations, quarrels over fugitive slaves, which the Seminoles were 
accused of harboring, led in 1835 to the breaking out of the 
Seminole war — the most costly and disastrous of the minor wars 
of the United States. At the end of seven years, in 1842, the In- 
dians were subdued, captured and transported to the reservation 
assigned them, where the remnant of their tribe yet remains in the 
Indian Territory. 




A dvcrtiscincnts. 



89 



The Plaza Drug Store, 

NEXT TO OLD CATHEDRAL. 



THE OLDEST DRUG STORE IN THE OLDEST CITY 
IN THE UNITED STATES. 

E. M. ALBA, M.D., St. Aucrustine, Fla. 



ROGER DAVIS, 



ST. AUGUSTINE, FLORIDA. 



The Best Life Insurance. 

OUR Twenty-Payment Life Policy with guarantee of legal 
cash value gives you the best protection for life at a low 
premium, and besides furnishes a HANDSOME ENDO^V- 
MENT FUND, if you wish to retire at the end of twenty 
years. No society or co-operative insurance approaches it for 
cheapness. Endowment Ronds and all kinds of Policies issued. 
The MANY LiBER.AL FE.\TURE,s not Covered by the policies of 
other Companies are incorporated in and form .\ p.\rt of every 

POLICY now being issued by The Massachusetts 

Mutual Life, a few of which are enumerated below: 

A copy of the application; paid-up and cash surrender 

VALUES; Annual dividends on all Paid-up Policies of over $100; 

absolute non-forfeiture for payment of Premiums after two 

years, under the famous Non-Forfeiture Laws of the State of 

Massachusetts; few restrictions as to residence and travel; no 

restriction whatever on travel for business or pleasure after two 

Incorporated 1851. years; incontestable for Self-destruction after three years; 

the lowest rates consistent with safety. 

Although the Company is a jealous advocate of temperance, still habits contracted after insuring 

do not vitiate the Policy. In the event of error in age, the Policy is settled pro-rata as per rate 

at correct age. 

We know of no other Life Company that covers all these points in one policy, although some 
cover a part, /. ^.,one company will contain one or two and except others, but in the Massachusetts 
Mutual Life Policies you get the liberal features 0/ all the companies combined. 

A Life Policy should insure .igainst all contingencies which may or can arise. Who would know- 
ingly be one-third or one-half insureds If so ins.red he should only pay from one-third to 
one-half the full rate. 

Massachusetts Mutual Life hLsurance Co., 

GILFORD MORSE, Manager. 
243 Broadway, New York. 




90 



A dvertiscin en ts. 



St. Augustine Hotel. 



E. E. VAILL, Propriktor. 



Facing the Plaza, St. Auoustine, Florida. 













n;i,ii.!i|t@.''m^"!^''Pi^? 



"fyjirjir f^^^r'^"' 






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House in perfect order and thoroii^hl\- drained. 
Two artesian wells, one a 4-inch and the other a 
6-inch bore, throwing water over the house. Elec- 
tric Bells, Gas, P^levator, etc., etc. Dining- rooms 
lighted b)- two Seiman burners, equal to electricit)'. 
Telej^raph office in the buildiui^. 



A dvertiscments. 9 1 

A Magnificent Hotel 



THE 

MAGNOLIA HOTEL, 

ST. AUGUSTINE. 
W. W. PALMER, Proprietor. 



This hotel has just been rebuilt, en- 
larged and elegantly refitted. 

No expense has been spared, and it 
is the universal expression that it is now 
one of the finest hotels south of New 
York City. 

The building is in the Queen Anne 
style, and the space under its cover is 
over sixty-four thousand square feet, or 
nearly two acres. 



92 Advcrtisoucnts. 

SABIN,MOULTON&CO., 

WHOLESALE AND RETAIL 

Dry Goods, Notions, Laces and Trimmings. 
READY MADE CLOTHING 

AND 

GENTLEMEN'S FURNISHING GOODS. 

Boots and Shoes of all Kinds, 

Ladies' and Misses' Garments, 

rari)ets, Rii.tjs and Mattings. 

Full Assortment of Silver Plated Ware. 

In every deparlment we have the largest stock in the city to select from, and our 
prices will be found to be the lowest. We have one price. We treat all alike. 
We shall try to please you. Come and see us. Next door to Post Office. 

Special Attention to Furnishing Hotels and Boarding Houses. 



GO TO 



G. T. BUNTING'S 



FOR YOUR 

Furniture, Mattresses, Pillows, 

PICTURE FRAMES, MOULDINGS, BRACKETS. WINDOW 
SHADES AND FANCY CABINET WARE. 

Cliarlotte Street, North of Plaza, St. Augustine, Fla. 

N.B.— UNDERTAKING DEPARTMENT ENTIRELY SEPARATE. 

The City Gates Paint Store. 

ST. GEORGE STREET. 

THOS. H. HO WARD & BR OS., Proprietors. 
Practical House, Sign & Ornamental Painters. 

PAPER H.VNGING AND IMTERIOR DIXORATING .V SPECIALTY. 

Estimates Given and Material Furnished. 

Dealers and Importers of Fine Paper Hanging. .\ full supply of Artists' and 

Painters' Materials Constantly on Hand. 

Nov. 19, 1885. 



A dvertisements. 9 3 

HERNANDEZ HOTEL. 

CENTRALLY LOCATED. 
Charlotte St., 3 Minutes' Walk North of Plaza, Near Old Fort, 



NEWLY FITTED OUT FOR THE SEASON. 

COMFORTABLE AND HOMELIKE. 
TERMS : $2.00 to $3.00 per day, $8.00 to $15.00 per Week. 

MRS. J. V. HERNANDEZ, Prop. 

~~G R e'en O H O U S E . 

Marine Street, St. Augustine, Fla. 

;asant situation, beaut; 
y. terms reasonable. 

GEO. S. GREENO, Proprietor. 



ROOMS FIRST-CLASS. PLEASANT SITUATION. BEAUTIFUL VIEW OF 
THE BAY. TERMS REASONABLE. 



HETH CANFIELD, 

CONTRACTOR AND BUILDER 

BUILDINGS MOVED AND RAISED. BILLS OF LUMBER. PLANS AND SPECIFI- 
CATIONS FURNISHED AT SHORT NOTICE. 

Office and Shop, - - Bronson Street. 

DK E. M. GOODRICH, 

Nortliern Dentist of twent3^-five Years Experience. 

DENTAL ROOMS ON ST. GEORGE STREET, 
Four Doors North of Cleveland House. 

SAILING "packets. 

NEV/ YORK TO JACKSONVILLE. 

Leaving Every Week Regularly from Pier 15, East River. 

GEO. R. FOSTER cSc CO., Agents, WARREN RAY, Agent, 
Jacksonville, Fla. 62 South St., N. Y. 

GEO. W. ATWOOD, 

SA.1^ M^^VRCO LIVERY. 

OFFICE, SAN MARCO HOTEL. 

Single and Double Teams, with and without drivers. Well Tniined and Reliable 

Saddle Hor.ses. Terms Reasonable. 



94 



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^6 Advertiscme7its. ™ 

FLORIDA. 

DeLand, Florida, Nov., 1885. 

REVISED DESCRIPTIVE CIRCULAR 
THE CITY OF DeL^ND. 

DeLand is located in Volusia county, an east-central county of Florida facing the Atlantic and 
rising westward in the Orange Ridge, along which flow the upper waters of the St. Johns. 

THLS ORANGE RIDGE, 
On which DeLand is situated, has many advantages to cimmend it to settlers, and to winter so- 
journers who are in search of a delightful climate and a healthy location. It is the highest land in 
Eastern Florida, healthful, not subject to malarial diseases, well drained, and the best land in 
Florida for the growth of the orange. It is accessible by 

RIVER AND RAIL. 
The climate is very favorable for the cultivation of semi-tropical fruits, the numerous lakes in 
the county moderating the cool northern breezes, and preventing injurious frosts. The heat of 
summer is not as intense as many suppose. It is the testimony of northern families who have 
remained here through one or more years, that the climate in summer is delightful. 

DeLAND 
Is located five miles east of the landing on the St. John's River (where all steamboats pass), and 
twenty-five miles from the -Atlantic Ocean, which is here tempered by the Gulf Stream, that passes 
in large volume close to the Florida coast, and is very near the geographical center, north and 
south of Volusia county. It was founded in 1877, bv H. A. DeLand, of Fairport, N. Y., and has 
a population of about two thousand inhabitants. \\ e have an .Academy, with building, furniture 
and apparatus, worth $10,000, unde the management of J. F. Forbes, \. M., formerly of Brock- 
port, N. v., Normal School, and which includes classical, scientific and Er.glish courses, and also 
a Normal Department to fit students for teaching. We have also a fine new Public School building, 
costing, furnished, about $2,600. The Baptist State College, for young women, has by the unani- 
mous vote of the State Committee, been located here. .A.n excellent Kindergarten, under the 
management of Mrs. \. E. Gardner, of Boston, with competert assistants, is well established and 
in successful operation. We have a Baptist church costing $.^,000, a Methodist church costing 
$2,600, a Presbyterian church, a Disciples church and a Catholic church, all neatly finished and 
paid for. Also, an Episcopal church nearly finished. We have 
DOUBLE DAILY MAILS, 
and now have six general merchandise stores, carrj'ing some of the largest and best stocks in South 
Florida, one grocery and provision store, two drug stores, a millinery and notion store, a large 
furniture store, two bakeiy and confectioner>' stores, two restaurants, two livery and feed stables, 
jewelry store, two shoe stores, a paint store, the V'olusia County Bank, two hardware stores and 
tin shops. Masonic and Odd Fellows lodges, four saw mills within two mile , a blacksmith shop, 
-wo barber shops, and two meat, fish and oyster markets. .Also a large carriage nnd wagon manu- 
.'actorv', from which shipments are made to various parts of the State. The W. C. T. U. have 
organized and rented a reading room. P'resh milk in abundance from the dairy of .A. D. McBride, 
and ice from the factory of -A. G. Kingsbury, are delivered daily at the door. 

THE FLORIDA AGRICULTURIST, 
a large eight-page weekly, is published here, and is a desirable paper for those desiring informa- 
tion about Florida; also the Orange Ridge Echo and the Florida Witness^ the latter a Baptist 
State paper. We have several good hotels, the Parce Land, Putnam, Carrollton and Floral Grove, 
and Harlan Hotel (at Lake Helen* being worthy of special mention. The DeLand and St. Johns 
Railroad is now finished, and will be run to accommodate travel to and from the river steamers, 
and also to connect with the J. T. & K. W. R. R., now being rapidly built and which it crosses on 
the way to the river. The DeLand & Atlantic Railro.id, standard gauge, running from the 
DeLand junction of the J. T. & K. W. R. R. through DeLand and Lake Helen to the .Atlantic 
coast, will be in operation oy Jan. i, 1S86, which will give all rail communication with the North. 
These railroads wi 1 also give us telegraphic fac liies, supplying an urgent need. 

For the information of invalids, we will add that several good physicians are settl d in our 
midst, affording excellent medical aid when required. 

LAKE HELEN. 
Lake Helen is a delightful winter resort five miles .southeast of DeLand. It is in the midst of 
a fine fishing and hunting countrj', has a first-class hotel, the Harlan, and numerous cottages, 
while lots are being rapidly purchased by those intending to build for winter homes. Several fine 
old bearing orange groves are in the immediate vicinity. 

Railroads now building, to be completed Jan. i, 1886, will connect Lake Helen with Blue 
Springs on the St. Johns River, New Smyrna on the Atlantic coast, and DeLand, and all points 
North. For further particulars call or address 

M. W. SARGENT, DeLand, Fla. 
OR, H. A. DeLAND, DeLand, Fla., from Nov. i to June i. 
Fairport, N. Y., from June i to Nov. i. 




Old St. Augustine: 

A Story of Three Centuries. 

BY 

CHAS. B. REYNOLDS. 

T WAS a happy thought that suggested for the cover of the 
third edition of "Old St. Augustine" a photographic 
representation ^in color) of coquina — the curious shell-stone 
of which Fort Marion is built. This novel binding is at once appro- 
priate and effective. The Coquina 
Edition has thirteen artotype views 
or permanent photographs) and six 
fac-similes of very old and very rare 
engravings. It is the most richly illus- 
trated Florida book ever published. 

" Old Sr. Augustine " is an histor- 
ical sketch — historical in the best and 
truest sense, for its pen-pictures viv- 
idly portray the scenes of former days, 
and recall, as living personages, Hugue- 
not and Spaniard, Franciscan, Sea King, Boucanier and Seminole, 
and other actors in the town's eventful past. The chapters are 
crowded with stirring incident — the sanguinary conflicts of the 
French and Spaniards — the sufferings and fortitude of the Mission 
fathers — the revengeful onslaughts of Drake and the hunter-seamen 
from Hispaniola — the sieges by the British invaders — the exodus of 
the Minorcans — the stubborn conflicts of the Seminole war. Some 
of these pages read more like romance than sober history. 
Price $1.50. Sold by all dealers, or sent, postpaid, by 

E. H. REYNOLDS, St. Augustine, Fla. 




THE STANDARD GUIDE 

Is published annually. Advertising space limited. Advertisements 
subject to approval. For space and preferred position apply to 
E. H. Reynolds, St. Augustine. 



f>^ ^ ^' '^ " 






FLORIDA ^^eJ 

Savings Bank 

AND 

Real Estate Exchax(;e, 

JACKSONVILLE, FLA., 

HAS FOR SALE 

(^hdicc Lots, Orange Groves and Wild Lands, 
ALLOWS INTERHST OX Dlll'OSrPS, 

Coi.i.KC'is Rents and Ixteresi", Necoi ia tes Loans. (S:( . 



J. C. GREELEY. President. 

L. I). HOSMER, Tkeasukek. 



THOS. COOK & SON, 

Tourist and Excursion Agents. 



(ESTABLISHED 1841. > 



n ■ f nff ^ ' j261 BroadAAray, New York. 
LlUei or I ices : iL^^icigate Circus, London. 

CHIEF OFFICE IN FLORIDA: 

69 West Bay Street, - JacksonviUe. 

TICKETS ISSUICD 

FOR THE SINGLE JOURNEY OR FOR CIRCULAR TOURS TO 

ALL PARTS OF FLORIDA 

AND TO THE 

NORTH AND WEST. 

Sleeping Car Berths, Staterooms, Etc., Reserved in Advance. 

BRANCH OFFICES IN ALL CHIEF PLACES IN ALL PARTS OF THE GLOBE. 
Maps, Programmes and full information cheerfully supplied. Address 

THOS. COOK & SON, 69 West Bay St., Jacksonville. 

C L..bcHtMBER, Printer, 96 Nassai- Street, New York. 



